Mitochondrial Eve is the alleged common ancestor of humanity. Since mitochondrial DNA is only passed maternally, it can be traced back to the first human. The spreading out of humanity resulted in diverse races depending on geographical climate.

SOP

MacKenzie Stewart

Anna Posey

Kyle Shook

S.O.P.

Tying shoe laces

1.0   Scope and Application

1.1   This procedure is used for tying shoes in an efficient and comfortable manner

2.0   Summary of Method

2.1   Manipulating shoestrings into a bow that will securely keep shoes on feet but can be unfastened with relative ease

3.0   Inter References

3.1   Inter References are not applicable to this method

4.0   Apparatus and Materials

4.1   Shoe (1 or 2)

4.2   Shoe laces (laced throughout the shoe)

5.0   Procedure

5.1   Pull laces until tight with a lace in each hand

5.2   Cross the laces forming an “X” shape while maintaining the tightness

5.3   Put the lace in the right hand beneath the bottom of the “X” and pull. You should be left with a “V” shape.

5.4   Make a loop with the left lace, pinching it at the base of the loop

5.5   Take the right lace and wrap once around the base of the loop

5.6   You should be left with a second loop formed around the first

5.7   Pull the right lace through the second loop

5.8   Pull the newly formed third loop and the first loop. This will eliminate the second loop.

6.0   Quality Control

6.1   The end result should be a knotted shoe with the two loops and two loose lace ends. The knot should hold and not come undone

Sunflower Chart 1

Success! The first green growth of my sunflower has peeked through the dirt. Due to the fact that I have exposed the plant regularly to blues music, I have decided to name the Thornton. I have used roughly one tablespoon each day for watering and the plant has been exposed to regular sunlight through glass. Next week, I will expose the plant to direct sunlight and see if such enhances the growth of the sunflower.

Phlogiston Theory: Up in Smoke

The theory of Phlogiston states that all combustible mater contains an invisible and undetectable substance known as phlogiston. Its existence is what supposedly explains fire and rust and other oxidation processes. 

The theory of Phlogiston was developed in the 17th century by JJ Becher, a doctor and alchemist. However, the theory was disproved in 1753 by Robert Boyle. He wrote in his diary:

"Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiment demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside, the mass of the burnt metal remains the same." 

Some still clung to the theory, arguing that phlogiston had a negative weight and thus could not fall into Boyle's study, though the idea fell out of favor by the end of the 18th century. 

Fun Facts About Inductive and Deductive Reasoning!

http://www.nakedscience.org/mrg/Deductive%20and%20Inductive%20Reasoning.htm

DEDUCTIVE VERSUS INDUCTIVE REASONING

Inductive and deductive reasoning are two methods of logic used to arrive at a conclusion based on information assumed to be true. Both are used in research to establish hypotheses.

Deductive reasoning arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations. Inductive reasoning takes events and makes generalizations

Deductive reasoning is reasoning that involves a hierarchy of statements or truths. Starting with a limited number of simple statements or assumptions, more complex statements can be built up from the more basic ones. For example, you have probably studied deductive geometry in mathematics; in it you start with a few principles and prove various propositions using those principles. To prove more complicated propositions, you may use propositions that you have already proved plus the original principles. In more formal logic terms deductive reasoning is reasoning from stated premises to conclusions formally or necessarily implied by such premises.

Deductive reasoning can be described as reasoning of the form if A then B. Deduction is in some sense the direct application of knowledge in the production of new knowledge.

If-then deductive reasoning is how scientists (and other people!) can test alternate hypotheses. Making deductions is important when we cannot directly observe a cause, and can only observe its consequences. This kind of reasoning can be modeled by the following:

If ...

Then...

But...

Therefore...

For example, we might hypothesize that "The color of a mineral is determined by its crystal structure."

And so we could test this hypothesis using deductive reasoning:

If the color of a mineral is determined by its crystal structure; then all purple minerals should have the same crystal structure. But purple amethyst has a hexagonal structure and purple fluorite has an isometric structure (determined by observations). Therefore, the hypothesis is not supported or strengthened.

Inductive reasoning is essentially the opposite of deductive reasoning. It involves trying to create general principles by starting with many specific instances. For example, in inductive geometry you might measure the interior angles of a group of randomly drawn triangles. When you discover that the sum of the three angles is 180° regardless of the triangle, you would be tempted to make a generalization about the sum of the interior angles of a triangle. Bringing forward all these separate facts provides evidence in order to help support your general statement about the interior angles.

This is the kind of reasoning used if you have gradually built up an understanding of how something works. Rather than starting with laws and principles and making deductions, most people collect relevant experience and try to construct principles from it.

Again the distinction between the two types of reasoning is not always sharp. In mathematics it is important to know which kind of formal system you are using and to stick to it. Inductive proofs are not allowed in a deductive system.

Inductive reasoning progresses from observations of individual cases to the development of a generality. (Inductive reasoning, or induction, is often confused with deductive thinking; in the latter, general principles or conditions are applied to specific instances or situations.) If a child puts his or her hand into a bag of candy and withdraws three pieces, all of which are red, he or she may conclude that all the candy is red. Inductive reasoning, or induction, is the process by which a general conclusion is reached from evaluating specific observations or situations.

Many people distinguish between two basic kinds of argument: inductive and deductive. Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general, while deduction begins with the general and ends with the specific; arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively, while arguments based on laws, rules, or other widely accepted principles are best expressed deductively.

Hallucigenia- Trippy as Heck

Hallucigenia depiction based on Burgess Shale fossils. God only knows what function this piece of work served on the food chain...or really, which end is up. Its name is no surprise whatsoever due to the bizarre appearance of this being. For a long time, people speculated that the species had no modern relations (a theory popularized by Stephen Gould).  However, palentologists have now linked the species to modern day arthropods. The species is particularly interesting due to the spines on its back, thus giving the species its name.

Burgess Shale

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/burgess.html
This site has splendid information about the Burgess Shale.



Here is an air photograph of the shale.

Here is a photograph from the Walcott Quary

THE BRIEF HISTORY OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION

This is a visual representation of the sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." What makes this sentence so unique is that it employs every letter in the English alphabet. 

However, socially, humans can use different mediums to demonstrate this image.

In pre-history, the cave painters of Europe might have told the tragic saga of the fox and the hound (no pun intended) with images like these:

Just imagine that fox jumping over that dog.... I know I am. 

However with the advent of writing and English destroying and bastardizing the languages of Europe, Colonial Americans, Canadians, English, Australians, etc would have used the written word to describe this scene of foxy athleticism. 

However, with the invention of the printing press and the subsequent invention of the typewriter centuries later, typing has become an effective manner of spreading information.

Then, with the mass production of computers, we ended up here. 

No ink to dry, no presses to push, and no fear that a saber tooth tiger will come in at any moment and splatter your blood all over that pretty cave drawing giving Anthropologists something else to scratch their heads about in the modern day. 

Ugh. &%$@ these cave paintings. I'm going to Samoa- Margaret Mead, 1927